new operator in C++

Allocates memory for an object or array of objects of type-name from the free store and returns a suitably typed, nonzero pointer to the object.
[::] new [placement] new-type-name [new-initializer]
[::] new [placement] ( type-name ) [new-initializer]
If unsuccessful, new returns zero or throws an exception.
When new is used to allocate memory for a C++ class object, the object's constructor is called after the memory is allocated.
Use the delete operator to deallocate the memory allocated with the new operator.

The following example allocates and then frees a two-dimensional array of characters of size dim by 10. When allocating a multidimensional array, all dimensions except the first must be constant expressions that evaluate to positive values; the leftmost array dimension can be any expression that evaluates to a positive value. When allocating an array using the new operator, the first dimension can be zero — the new operator returns a unique pointer.
char (*pchar)[10] = new char[dim][10];
delete [] pchar;

The type-name cannot contain const, volatile, class declarations, or enumeration declarations. The new operator does not allocate reference types. The new operator cannot be used to allocate a function, but it can be used to allocate pointers to functions.

Dynamic memory allocation

Last month, I presented in a job interview. One question posted to me about the dynamic memory allocation, I have totally no idea. The question is if you don't use "malloc", what-else can help you get the address, below was the differences about functions in dynamic memory allocation.

Function	Task
malloc	Allocates memory requests size of bytes and returns a pointer to the Ist byte of allocated space
calloc	Allocates space for an array of elements initializes them to zero and returns a pointer to the memory
free	Frees previously allocated space
realloc	Modifies the size of previously allocated space.

Memory allocations process:

According to the conceptual view the program instructions and global and static variable in a permanent storage area and local area variables are stored in stacks. The memory space that is located between these two regions in available for dynamic allocation during the execution of the program. The free memory region is called the heap. The size of heap keeps changing when program is executed due to creation and death of variables that are local for functions and blocks. Therefore it is possible to encounter memory overflow during dynamic allocation process. In such situations, the memory allocation functions mentioned above will return a null pointer.

Allocating a block of memory:

A block mf memory may be allocated using the function malloc. The malloc function reserves a block of memory of specified size and returns a pointer of type void. This means that we can assign it to any type of pointer. It takes the following form:

ptr=(cast-type*)malloc(byte-size);

ptr is a pointer of type cast-type the malloc returns a pointer (of cast type) to an area of memory with size byte-size.

Example:

x=(int*)malloc(100*sizeof(int));

On successful execution of this statement a memory equivalent to 100 times the area of int bytes is reserved and the address of the first byte of memory allocated is assigned to the pointer x of type int

Allocating multiple blocks of memory:

Calloc is another memory allocation function that is normally used to request multiple blocks of storage each of the same size and then sets all bytes to zero. The general form of calloc is:

ptr=(cast-type*) calloc(n,elem-size);

The above statement allocates contiguous space for n blocks each size of elements size bytes. All bytes are initialized to zero and a pointer to the first byte of the allocated region is returned. If there is not enough space a null pointer is returned.

Releasing the used space:

Compile time storage of a variable is allocated and released by the system in accordance with its storage class. With the dynamic runtime allocation, it is our responsibility to release the space when it is not required. The release of storage space becomes important when the storage is limited. When we no longer need the data we stored in a block of memory and we do not intend to use that block for storing any other information, we may release that block of memory for future use, using the free function.

free(ptr);

ptr is a pointer that has been created by using malloc or calloc.

To alter the size of allocated memory:

The memory allocated by using calloc or malloc might be insufficient or excess sometimes in both the situations we can change the memory size already allocated with the help of the function realloc. This process is called reallocation of memory. The general statement of reallocation of memory is :

ptr=realloc(ptr,newsize);